{"id":64,"date":"2017-04-17T13:34:55","date_gmt":"2017-04-17T06:34:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.soage.co.th\/?p=64"},"modified":"2018-03-08T14:43:17","modified_gmt":"2018-03-08T07:43:17","slug":"petroleum-pipeline","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/?p=64","title":{"rendered":"Petroleum Pipeline"},"content":{"rendered":"

a complex<\/span> of structures<\/span> for<\/span> transporting<\/span> petroleum<\/span> and<\/span> petroleum<\/span> products<\/span> from<\/span> the<\/span> place<\/span> of extraction<\/span> or production<\/span> topoints<\/span> of use<\/span> or transfer<\/span> to rail<\/span> or water<\/span> transportation.<\/span> A pipeline<\/span> consists<\/span> of underground<\/span> and<\/span> underwater<\/span> pipes,<\/span> fittings,<\/span>head<\/span> and<\/span> booster<\/span> pumping<\/span> stations,<\/span> petroleum<\/span> tanks,<\/span> and<\/span> line<\/span> and<\/span> auxiliary<\/span> structures.<\/span><\/p>\n

Main<\/span> or trunk<\/span> pipelines<\/span> are<\/span> used<\/span> to transport<\/span> oil<\/span> and<\/span> petroleum<\/span> products<\/span> over<\/span> considerable<\/span> distances,<\/span> often<\/span> 2,000<\/span> km ormore.<\/span> The<\/span> diameter<\/span> of trunk<\/span> lines<\/span> is 200\u20131,220<\/span> mm,<\/span> and<\/span> the<\/span> pressure<\/span> is usually<\/span> 5\u20136<\/span> meganewtons<\/span> per<\/span> sq cm (50\u201360<\/span>kilograms-force<\/span> per<\/span> sq cm).<\/span> Gathering<\/span> lines<\/span> are<\/span> used<\/span> to transport<\/span> petroleum<\/span> from<\/span> oil<\/span> fields<\/span> to the<\/span> heads<\/span> of the<\/span> trunk<\/span> lines<\/span> and<\/span>petroleum<\/span> products<\/span> from<\/span> refineries<\/span> to the<\/span> heads<\/span> of products<\/span> pipelines;<\/span> they<\/span> may<\/span> be up to several<\/span> dozen<\/span> kilometers<\/span> long.<\/span> Oil-field<\/span> gathering<\/span> lines<\/span> and<\/span> refinery<\/span> and<\/span> bulk<\/span> plant<\/span> pipelines<\/span> are<\/span> designed<\/span> for<\/span> internal<\/span> transfers.<\/span><\/p>\n

The<\/span> main<\/span> parameters<\/span> of a trunk<\/span> pipeline<\/span> are<\/span> length,<\/span> capacity,<\/span> diameter,<\/span> pressure,<\/span> and<\/span> number<\/span> of pumping<\/span> stations.<\/span> The<\/span> first<\/span>two<\/span> parameters<\/span> are<\/span> specified,<\/span> and<\/span> the<\/span> rest<\/span> are<\/span> determined<\/span> by calculation.<\/span> Carbon<\/span> and<\/span> low-alloy<\/span> steel<\/span> pipes,<\/span> mainly<\/span> welded<\/span>with<\/span> longitudinal<\/span> and<\/span> spiral<\/span> seams,<\/span> are<\/span> used<\/span> in oil<\/span> pipeline<\/span> construction.<\/span> The<\/span> viscosity<\/span> and<\/span> density<\/span> of the<\/span> petroleum<\/span> and<\/span>petroleum<\/span> products<\/span> to be pumped<\/span> are<\/span> very<\/span> important<\/span> in the<\/span> design<\/span> of trunk<\/span> lines.<\/span> The<\/span> pipes<\/span> are<\/span> protected<\/span> from<\/span> soil<\/span> corrosion<\/span>and<\/span> stray<\/span> currents<\/span> by means<\/span> of anticorrosion<\/span> insulation<\/span> and<\/span> electrochemical<\/span> protection<\/span> methods<\/span> (cathode<\/span> protection,<\/span>electrically<\/span> polarized<\/span> protectors,<\/span> electrodrainage).<\/span> Line-cutting<\/span> gate<\/span> valves<\/span> are<\/span> installed<\/span> along<\/span> the<\/span> entire<\/span> length<\/span> of the<\/span>pipeline.<\/span> The<\/span> distance<\/span> between<\/span> gate<\/span> valves<\/span> depends<\/span> on the<\/span> nature<\/span> of the<\/span> terrain<\/span> but<\/span> usually<\/span> does<\/span> not<\/span> exceed<\/span> 20 km.<\/span> When<\/span>pumping<\/span> high-viscosity<\/span> and<\/span> highly<\/span> congealed<\/span> oil,<\/span> the<\/span> oil<\/span> is heated<\/span> at the<\/span> pumping<\/span> stations<\/span> and<\/span> intermediate<\/span> preheating<\/span>points.<\/span> The<\/span> construction<\/span> cost<\/span> of trunk<\/span> pipelines<\/span> is repaid<\/span> over<\/span> relatively<\/span> short<\/span> periods<\/span> (usually<\/span> two<\/span> to three<\/span> years).<\/span><\/p>\n

The<\/span> first<\/span> petroleum<\/span> pipeline,<\/span> which<\/span> was<\/span> 6 km long,<\/span> was<\/span> built<\/span> in the<\/span> USA<\/span> in 1865.<\/span> Construction<\/span> of longer<\/span> pipelines<\/span> in the<\/span> USA<\/span>began<\/span> in 1875.<\/span> The<\/span> first<\/span> petroleum<\/span> pipeline<\/span> in Russia<\/span> was<\/span> laid<\/span> in 1878<\/span> in Baku,<\/span> from<\/span> the<\/span> oil<\/span> fields<\/span> to the<\/span> refinery.<\/span> The<\/span> 835-km,<\/span> 200-mm<\/span> Baku-Batumi<\/span> products<\/span> trunk<\/span> line<\/span> (with<\/span> 16 pumping<\/span> stations),<\/span> which<\/span> was<\/span> once<\/span> the<\/span> longest<\/span> line<\/span> in the<\/span> world<\/span> and<\/span> isstill<\/span> in use<\/span> today,<\/span> was<\/span> designed<\/span> by V. G. Shukhov<\/span> and<\/span> built<\/span> in the<\/span> period<\/span> from<\/span> 1897<\/span> to 1907.<\/span><\/p>\n

The<\/span> development<\/span> of pipeline<\/span> transportation<\/span> in the<\/span> USSR<\/span> is associated<\/span> with<\/span> the<\/span> completion<\/span> of the<\/span> oil<\/span> fields<\/span> in the<\/span> Bashkir<\/span>ASSR,<\/span> the<\/span> Tatar<\/span> ASSR,<\/span> and<\/span> Kuibyshev<\/span> Oblast<\/span> of the<\/span> RSFSR.<\/span> In 1941,<\/span> 4, 100<\/span> km of trunk<\/span> pipelines<\/span> for<\/span> petroleum<\/span> and<\/span>petroleum<\/span> products,<\/span> with<\/span> a total<\/span> annual<\/span> capacity<\/span> of 7.9<\/span> million<\/span> tons,<\/span> were<\/span> in operation.<\/span> The<\/span> maximum<\/span> diameter<\/span> was<\/span> 300<\/span> mm.<\/span>The<\/span> total<\/span> length<\/span> of the<\/span> trunk<\/span> lines<\/span> increased<\/span> to 11,500<\/span> km in 1956<\/span> and<\/span> 29,000<\/span> km in 1966.<\/span><\/p>\n

The<\/span> present<\/span> trunk-line<\/span> network<\/span> was<\/span> developed<\/span> in three<\/span> main<\/span> directions:<\/span> Ural-Siberian<\/span> (Al\u2019met\u2019evsk-Ufa-Omsk-Novosibirsk-Irkutsk),<\/span> 8,527<\/span> km long<\/span> (petroleum<\/span> and<\/span> petroleum-products<\/span> pipelines);<\/span> northwestern<\/span> (Al\u2019met\u2019evsk-Gorky-Yaroslavl-Kirishi,<\/span>with<\/span> a branch<\/span> to Riazan\u2019<\/span> and<\/span> Moscow),<\/span> more<\/span> than<\/span> 1,700<\/span> km long;<\/span> and<\/span> southwestern<\/span> (from<\/span> Al\u2019met\u2019evsk<\/span> to Kuibyshev<\/span> and<\/span>farther<\/span> via<\/span> the<\/span> Druzhba<\/span> [Friendship]<\/span> Pipeline,<\/span> with<\/span> a branch<\/span> to Polotsk<\/span> and<\/span> Ventspils),<\/span> more<\/span> than<\/span> 3,500<\/span> km long.<\/span> With<\/span> the<\/span>discovery<\/span> of new<\/span> oil<\/span> deposits<\/span> in the<\/span> southern<\/span> Mangyshlak<\/span> Peninsula<\/span> and<\/span> in Tiumen\u2019<\/span> Oblast,<\/span> unique<\/span> pipelines<\/span> were<\/span> built:<\/span> the<\/span>Uzen\u2019-Gur\u2019ev-Kuibyshev<\/span> line,<\/span> 1,500<\/span> km long,<\/span> with<\/span> a diameter<\/span> of 1,020<\/span> mm,<\/span> for<\/span> pumping<\/span> the<\/span> high-viscosity<\/span> and<\/span> highly<\/span>congealing<\/span> Mangyshlak<\/span> oil,<\/span> with<\/span> en-route<\/span> heating<\/span> (a \u201chot\u201d<\/span> pipeline);<\/span> the<\/span> Ust\u2019-Balyk-Omsk<\/span> line,<\/span> 1,000<\/span> km long,<\/span> with<\/span> a diameter<\/span>of 1,020<\/span> mm;<\/span> the<\/span> Shaim-Tiumen\u2019<\/span> and<\/span> Aleksandrovskoe-Anzhero-Su-dzhensk<\/span> lines,<\/span> 1,220<\/span> mm in diameter,<\/span> with<\/span> a total<\/span> length<\/span>of 840<\/span> km;<\/span> the.<\/span> Ust\u2019-Balyk-Kurgan-Ufa-Al\u2019met\u2019evsk<\/span> line,<\/span> 1,220<\/span> mm in diameter<\/span> and<\/span> a total<\/span> length<\/span> of 1,844<\/span> km,<\/span> and<\/span> the<\/span>second<\/span> Friendship<\/span> Pipeline.<\/span> The<\/span> total<\/span> length<\/span> of petroleum<\/span> pipelines<\/span> in the<\/span> USSR<\/span> in 1973<\/span> was<\/span> 42,900<\/span> km.<\/span> A characteristic<\/span>feature<\/span> of the<\/span> development<\/span> of petroleum<\/span> pipeline<\/span> transportation<\/span> in the<\/span> USSR<\/span> is the<\/span> increase<\/span> in the<\/span> proportion<\/span> of large-diameter<\/span> pipelines<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

a complex of structures for transporting petroleum and petroleum products from the place of extraction or production topoints of use or transfer to rail or water transportation. A pipeline consists of underground and underwater pipes, fittings,head and booster pumping stations, Read More …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[20,46,25,51,22,48,26,52,37,27,53,4,21,47,28,54,23,49,24,50,36,32,34,33,55,29,38,35,31,56,30,42,44,43,39,45,41,40],"class_list":["post-64","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-petrochemical","tag-epc","tag-epc-service","tag-equipment","tag-equipment-service","tag-hvac","tag-hvac-service","tag-installation","tag-installation-service","tag-maptaphut","tag-petrochemical","tag-petrochemical-service","tag-petroleum-pipeline","tag-piping","tag-piping-service","tag-refinery","tag-refinery-service","tag-steel","tag-steel-service","tag-structure","tag-structure-service","tag-thaioil","tag-32","tag-34","tag-33","tag-55","tag-29","tag-38","tag-35","tag-31","tag-56","tag-30","tag-42","tag-44","tag-43","tag-39","tag-45","tag-41","tag-40"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=64"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":65,"href":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64\/revisions\/65"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=64"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=64"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/soage.co.th\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=64"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}